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System Architecture

The Energy Monitoring System (EMS) is a full-stack IoT platform integrating custom hardware sensors, cloud database storage, and a real-time responsive web dashboard.

🏗️ Architecture Diagram​

Below is the high-level system diagram showing data flows from physical current and voltage sensors to the end-user interface. alt text

⚡ Hardware Components​

1. ESP32 Microcontroller​

  • Responsible for sampling raw analog signals from the sensors.
  • Performs root-mean-square (RMS) computations locally.
  • Sends processed telemetry data over local WiFi.

2. SCT-013 Current Clamp Sensor​

  • Non-invasive split-core current transformer.
  • Measures alternating current (up to 100A).
  • Interfaced via an analog burden resistor circuit to translate current ratios into ADC-readable voltage.

3. ACS712 Hall Effect Sensor​

  • Measures AC/DC current based on the Hall effect.
  • Provides an analog voltage output proportional to the current.

4. ZMPT101B Voltage Sensor​

  • Active single-phase AC voltage transformer module.
  • Safely steps down high-voltage AC mains to low-voltage AC.
  • Incorporates a trim potentiometer for calibrating the output amplitude.

4. Power Line Communication (PLC) Module​

💾 Database Schema​

The EMS uses a hybrid database setup to optimize for both transactional consistency and high-frequency sensor streams:

Supabase / PostgreSQL (Transactional & Auth)​

Stores user accounts, system configuration, alert thresholds, and aggregated historical summaries (daily/monthly totals).

MongoDB (Time-Series Metrics)​

Stores raw, high-frequency telemetry samples:

{
  "device_id": "ems-esp-dcb1f6641d44",
  "voltage": 232.2,
  "current": 1.466,
  "apparent_power": 737,
  "real_power": 523,
  "power_factor": 0.98
}